oracle UNDO 机制.doc

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oracle UNDO 机制

Redo In addition to datafiles for storing database data, every Oracle database has a set of (two or more) redo log files. The redo log records all changes made to data, including both uncommitted and committed changes. Changes are saved to redo (by the log writer process) before being permanently written to the datafiles. The redo log can consist of two parts: the online redo log and the archived redo log. To avoid losing the database due to a single point of failure, Oracle can maintain multiple sets of online redo log files. Assuming the database operates in ARCHIVELOG mode, Oracle will create an archived redo log at every checkpoint - these can be used to recover from a disk failure. Archived redo logs should be backed up and deleted regularly. Online redo logs should not be backed up. The size of a redo log file directly influences checkpoint frequency and performance. Checkpoint frequency can vary widely according to system activity but two or three per hour is typical. To insure a reasonable frequency of log switches set ALTER SYSTEM SET ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET = 2400 SCOPE=BOTH; Rollback Rolling back means undoing changes to data that have been performed within an uncommitted SQL transaction. If at any time an SQL statement causes an error, all effects of the statement are rolled back. The user can also request a statement-level rollback by issuing a ROLLBACK statement. Rollback segments store the data as it was before changes were made. This is in contrast to the redo log which is a record of the insert/update/deletes. Commit After a commit, the log writer process (LGWR) will write redo log entries from the SGA (Log Buffer) into the online redo log file. The background process DBWr will then copy the new data from the redo log file into the datafile. If a user disconnects from Oracle the current transaction is committed. Applications should always explicitly commit or rollback transactions before program termination. Storing Undo Records Undo records can

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