(精编)【医学教学课件大全】 核糖体教学课件.pptVIP

第九章 核糖体 Robinson＆Brown（1953）发现于植物细胞。 Palacle（1955）发现于动物细胞。 Roberts（1958）建议命名为核糖核蛋白（ribosome），简称核糖体。 核糖体是细胞内合成蛋白质的工厂，在一个旺盛生长的细菌中，大约有20000个核糖体，其蛋白占细胞总蛋白的10%，RNA占细胞总RNA的80%。 核糖体含40%的蛋白质、60%的RNA，蛋白按照一定的顺序与RNA结合，组成两个核糖体亚单体，其中RNAs是骨架结构，有些蛋白质不直接与RNA结合，而是结合在其它蛋白质组分上。核糖体中的蛋白质，rRNA以及其他一些辅助因子在一起提供了翻译过程所需的全部酶活性，这些酶活性只有在核糖体整体结构存在的情况下才具备。 一 核糖体成分 原核 70S 50S（其中RNA23S和5S） 30S（其中RNA16S） 60S（其中RNA28S、5.8S和5S） 40S（其中RNA18S） 真核生物 80S 多聚核糖体及蛋白质的合成（北大123） 某些抗菌素对核糖体蛋白质合成的抑制。（172） Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosomes, the protein synthetic factories in the cell. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18 s, 5.8 s, 28 s, and 5 s rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. rRNA molecules are extremely abundant. They make up at least 80% of the RNA molecules found in a typical eukaryotic cell. Synthesis of the three nucleolar rRNA molecules is unusual because they are made on one primary transcript that is chopped up into three mature rRNA molecules. These rRNA molecules and the 5 s rRNA combine with the ribosomal proteins in the nucleolus to form pre 40 s and pre 60 s ribosomal subunits. These pre-subunits are exported to the nucleus where they mature and assume their role in protein synthesis. The rRNA molecules have several roles in protein synthesis. First, the 28 s rRNA has a catalytic role, it forms part of the peptidyl transferrase activity of the 60 s subunit. Second, 18s rRNA has a recognition role, involved in correct positioning of the mRNA and the peptidyl tRNA. Finally, the rRNA molecules have a structural role. They fold into three-dimensional shapes that form the scaffold on which the ribosomal proteins assemble. The model on the left shows a the three dimensional structure that the 5 s rRNA from the African frog, Xenopus laevis is thought to adopt. ? ?