一阶常微分方程(First-OrderDifferentialEquations).p.PDFVIP

Chapter 1 First-Order Differential Equations 1.1 Preliminary Concepts  Differential equation: An equation containing the derivatives dy of one or more dependent variables, e.g., y , ,y x , dx  y ,with respect to one or more independent variables, e.g., x ,is said to be a differential equation (D.E.)  Ordinary D.E.: Single independent variable 5 3 y  y x  Partial D.E.: Multiple independent variables 2 2  u  u  0 x 2 y 2  Order (階 ): The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative that appears in the equation ay by cy f (x) (second-order)  Degree (次): The power of the highest derivative (y )2 y ex (degree of 2 ) 1  Linearity: D.E. is linear if it has the form of a (x) y(n ) a (x) y(n1) a (x) y a (x) y f (x) n n1 1 0  Linear: 1. Degree of 1 for y and its derivatives 2. Equation contains no y (y ) term 3. Equation contains no nonlinear function of y  Nonlinear: Others (y )2 y ex ; (1y )y 2y sin x ; y sin y 0 解（ Solution ）之定義 凡是能夠滿足某常微分方程式 F (x,y ,y ) 0 之函數 y y (x ) ，稱為此常微分方程式之解 解之分類： 1）通解（General solution ）：通解即為常微分方程式之 （ 原始函數 2 ）特解（Particular solution ）：給定通解中之任意常數 （ 之值所得之解 3 ）異解（Singular solution ）：無法由通解中給定任意常 （ 數之值，而仍能滿足原常微分方程式之解 2 通解之表示方式: 1）顯(explicit)函數表示式： （ 若通解之型式為 y