群体遗传学20140529.pptxVIP

Population geneticsQian, WenfengOutlineA brief introduction of population geneticsHow to describe genetic variation in a population?How to maintain the frequency of genotypes?How to change the frequency of genotypes?Population genetics is the study of the distribution of genes in populations and of the factors that maintain or change the frequency of genes and genotypes from generation to generation.It is a major theory in both genetics and evolutionI am usually reluctant to say that I study biological evolution (1)Why do you study evolution?Is it edible?NoNeither electricityNeither cell cycle mutants in yeastNeither GFP in jellyfishIs the theoretic base in many fieldsDrug resistance, GWAS, personal medicine…I am usually reluctant to say that I study biological evolution (2)“Another curious aspect of the theory of evolution is that everybody thinks he understands it”Jacques Monod, On the Molecular Theory of Evolution (1974)What is evolution?Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generationsheritable changes = DNA changes = allele changesPepper Moth: Biston betulariaSelective pressure=predation by birdsSingle gene:AA/Aa = darkaa = lightEvolution: allele frequency change over generations in a populationA_ frequency changed from 1% to 99%, and to 1% again Evolution: allele frequency change over generations in a populationThe most extreme form of allele frequency change is fixation.An allele kicks out all other alleles completely, and there’s no way for other allele to come back.Fixation of an allele in a population100%1998If air pollution lasted longer …(Micro-)evolution is about allele frequency changePopulationsMembers of a species can interbreed produce fertile offspringA group of the same species living in an areaIndividuals are different (variations)Unit of evolutionThe Gene PoolPopulation has a shared gene poolGene pool – all of the alleles of all individuals in a population(Micro-)evolution is about allele fre