【精选】phrase,clause and sentence.pptVIP

4.5.1phrase A single element of structure [containing more than one word ]and [lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses]. Traditionally seen as part of a structure hierarchy,positioned between clause and word. features of phrase A phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than clauses. simple clauses may(and usually do) contain phrases,but simple phrases do not(in general) contain clauses. classification of phrase nominal phrase: the black cat verbal phrase: has been doing adjectival phrase : extremely difficult prepositional phrase: to the door adverbial phrase: very fast classification① classification② finite clause：限定分句 clause non-finite clause：非限定分句 Finite clause ：A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. Non-finite clause ： A non-finite clause is a dependent clause whose verb is non-finite. classification③ main clause ： 主句 subordinate clause： 从句 classification④ simple clause：只包括一个主谓结构的分句 complex clause：有其他主谓结构作为分句成分的分句 Eg: It was not true. What you said was not true. He said that it was not true. He complained that what you said was not true. Verbless clause 无动词分句 verbless clause:一个主谓结构不带任何形式的动词词组做谓语动词Eg: Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned. Confident of the justice of their cause,they agreeed to put their case before the arbitration panel. 4.5.3 sentence The minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.①传统上，句子是指能够表达一个完整意义的最小语言单位。 Bloomfield defined the sentence asone not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form. ②布龙菲尔德（1935）把句子定义为“一个在语法结构上不会被包含在任何较大的语言形式里的成分”. structural classification simple 简单句 sentence complex 复杂句 non