人工智能课件AI_Chap01TraditionalAI2NeuralNetwork幻灯片.pptxVIP

Artificial Intelligence Neural NetworkNeural Networks Neural NetworksFundamentals of Neural Networks : Architectures, Algorithms and Applications. L, Fausett, 1994An Introduction to Neural Networks (2nd Ed). Morton, IM, 1995Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence- A Modern Approach (Third Edition). 18.7Biological Neural NetsPigeons as art experts (Watanabe et al. 1995)Experiment:Pigeon in Skinner boxPresent paintings of two different artists (e.g. Chagall / Van Gogh)Reward for pecking when presented a particular artist (e.g. Van Gogh)Pigeons were able to discriminate between Van Gogh and Chagall with 95% accuracy (when presented with pictures they had been trained on)Discrimination still 85% successful for previously unseen paintings of the artistsPigeons do not simply memorise the picturesThey can extract and recognise patterns (the ‘style’)They generalise from the already seen to make predictionsThis is what neural networks (biological and artificial) are good at (unlike conventional computer)Brief HistoryTry to create artificial intelligence based on the natural intelligence we know: The brainmassively interconnected neuronsBiological inspirationAnimals are able to react adaptively to changes in their external and internal environment, and they use their nervous system to perform these behaviours.An appropriate model/simulation of the nervous system should be able to produce similar responses and behaviours in artificial systems.The nervous system is build by relatively simple units, the neurons, so copying their behavior and functionality should be the solution.Neural NetworksBiological inspirationDendritesSoma (cell body)AxonBiological inspirationdendritesaxonsynapsesThe information transmission happens at the synapses. Biological inspirationThe spikes travelling along the axon of the pre-synaptic neuron trigger the release of neurotransmitter substances at the synapse.The neurotransmitters cause excitation or inhibition in the dendrite of t