大学英语语法_unit_1_Sentence_Structure.pptVIP

Lecture 1 Sentence Structure 1. What is grammar? Any systematic account of the structure of a language; the patterns that it describes; the branch of linguistics concerned with such patterns. Often restricted to relations among units that have meaning. Hence opp. Phonology. Eg. Singing is a grammatical unit, as are sing and –ing, while [s] or the syllable [si] are phonological. Also opposed, though again not always, to a dictionary or the lexicon. Eg. The meaning of sing belong to its entry in lexicon; the role of –ing to grammar, where it is described for verbs in general. 1.Basic Concepts 1.1 Morphemes 1.2 Words 1.3 Phrases 1.4 Clauses 1.5 Sentences 2. More terms: Morpheme: a unit smaller than the word which has grammatical as opposed to lexical meaning. Free morphemes have a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word. It can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech. Eg: bed, tree, sing, dance. Bound morphemes are those that have to be attached to other words. Bound morphemes are most affixes. Allomorphs The same morpheme in different contexts may take different phonological or orthographical forms. the variants of the same morpheme are called“allomorphs”. Eg: map--maps, dog--dogs, watch--watches, mouse—mice, ox—oxen, tooth—teeth. Tips Root, Stem morpheme Polymorphemic words other than compounds may divide into roots and affixes. root– is the base form of a word which can not be further analyzed without any loss of identity. That is to say it is that part of word left when all the affixes are removed. affix– is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem ). Naturally affixed belong to the type of bound morphemes. stem– is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. Ex: analyze the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains: specialize, pretentious, unsympathetic,