关联理论幻灯片.pptVIP

关联理论 Relevance theory Sperber Wilson The form of Relevance theory In 1986, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson drew attention to the central importance of relevance decisions in reasoning and communication. They proposed an account of the process of inferring relevant information from any given utterance. To do this work, they used what they called the Principle of Relevance: namely, the position that any utterance addressed to someone automatically conveys the presumption of its own optimal relevance. The central idea of Sperber and Wilsons theory is that all utterances are encountered in some context, and the correct interpretation of a particular utterance is the one that allows most new implications to be made in that context on the basis of the least amount of information necessary to convey it. For Sperber and Wilson, relevance is conceived as relative or subjective, as it depends upon the state of knowledge of a hearer when they encounter an utterance. Explanation of Relevance theory Sperber and Wilson stress that this theory is not intended to account for every intuitive application of the English word relevance. Relevance, as a technical term, is restricted to relationships between utterances and interpretations, and so the theory cannot account for intuitions such as the one that relevance relationships obtain in problems involving physical objects. If a plumber needs to fix a leaky faucet, for example, some objects and tools are relevant (i.e. a wrench) and others are not (i.e. a waffle iron). And, moreover, the latter seems to be irrelevant in a manner which does not depend upon the plumbers knowledge, or the utterances used to describe the problem. 关联理论从认知的角度解释交际的性质,指出交际是明示-推理行为。认知语境为语用推理提供了一种手段,而推理是以关联原则和最佳关联假设为基础。顺应理论认为语言使用的过程就是语言选择的过程,是各种关系相互顺应的过程。关联-顺应模式的理论框架,应以关联原则和最佳关联假设为基础,语言语境和交际语境相互顺应,使关联理论解释的充分性和顺应理论描述的充分性得到统一。 关联理论认为交际的本质是推理,交际的过程是一个推理过程,因此,人们应当从能力而不是行为的角度看待交际。该理论试图具体说明人们大脑中的信息处理机制在人际交流中所起的作用,其范畴是大脑机制而不是语段本身或语段产生的过程。该理论的两位作者认为,人类得以交际的大