抗生素(英文精品) ANTIBIOTIC幻灯片课件.pptVIP

ANTIBIOTIC;PROBLEM there are many chemicals that are lethal to bacteria (e.g. cyanide), but cannot be used to cure because they are lethal to the host as well problem is to find substances that attack a metabolic pathway found in bacterium but not in host; first known use of antibiotics - ancient Chinese (2,500 years ago) ancient Egyptians and Greeks used molds and plants to treat infections;Penicillin;3) based on their target specificity: narrow-spectrum - antibiotics target particular types of bacteria (G+ or G- bacteria) (Vancomycin, Gentamicin) broad-spectrum - affect a wide range of bacteria (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Neomycin); Prevention of cell wall formation - interfering with microbe cell wall formation (these antibiotics do not damage animal cells), e.g. penicillins Disruption of cell membrane - disruption of cell membrane → nutrients escape, poisons enter and kill cell, e.g. amphotericin, nystatin Inhibition of enzymes involved in DNA synthesis - binding to polymerases, blocking their activity in replication and transcription → growth is stopped,rifampicin Disruption of bacterial protein synthesis at the ribosome - most recently developed antibiotics attack ribosomal protein synthesis → destruction of cell ?Disruption of chemical processes - prevention of producing proteins, interferention with NA formation, e.g. streptomycin, tetracycline, rifampin;cell wall of bacteria;Gram-staining;Brief history of fight with bacteria disease;allergic reactions - most often with penicillin destruction of helpful microbes damage to organs and tissues;;Reasons of widespread resistance: overuse of broad- spectrum antibiotic incorrect diagnosis unnecessary prescriptions improper use of antibiotics by patients use of antibiotics as livestock food additives for better growth; PLASMIDS genophore circular ds DNA (2-300 genes) in bacteria more kinds small plasmids (~10-50 copies/cell) large plasmids (1-5 copies/cell) not