6b-水环境重金属污染评价.pptVIP

水环境中重金属的形态与毒性的关系及沉积物在水体污染评价中的应用 水环境中重金属的形态与毒性的关系 环境中微量金属的形态Chemical species 斯通姆的定义：指某一元素在环境中以某种离子或分子存在的实际形式，以碘为例，有： I2, I-, I3-, HIO, IO-, IO5-, 以及离子对、络合物或有机碘化物等。 汤鸿霄的定义：从污染化学角度，金属污染物的形态可以归纳为：1）价态；2）化合态；3）结构态，4）结合态。 曾灿新曾指出：金属水化学的几乎全部内容都与其形态有关，因为水环境中的每一项物理化学参数的改变都有可能使水环境中金属的形态发生变化。 水环境中金属形态的划分 水中溶解态金属的划分 颗粒物中的结合态金属用由弱到强的萃取剂分步萃取作进一步区分 颗粒物中态金属的Association； Association of trace metals with sediments Adsorption on fine-grained material Precipitation of trace metal compounds Co-precipitation with hydrous iron and manganese oxides and carbonates Association either by adsorption or bonding with organic matter Incorporation in crystalline minerals 金属的毒性与形态的关系 溶解态金属的主要有毒形态是：M2+与M(OH)+ 结合态金属的毒性与生物有效性的强弱按上面所列的形态顺序排列： 水溶态、可交换态和与碳酸盐结合态的金属生物有效性较为明显。 与铁锰氧化物结合态在还原条件下有毒。 与有机物和硫化物结合态在强氧化条件下有毒 原生矿物晶格中的金属无毒 Form and bioavailability of trace metals in sediments Ranked from most reactive to least reactive: (Bioavailability from strong to weak): (i)??adsorbed onto clay mineral particles; (ii)??bound to the organic material; (iii) bound to carbonates; (iv) bound to sulfides; (v) occluded in Fe and Mn oxides; (vi) within the primary mineral lattice. 络合剂NTA对Zn2+离子毒性的影响 生物对水体中金属的吸收不决定于其总量，而决定于其存在形态 沉积物在水环境重金属污染评价中的应用 Interchangeable terms Aquatic particulate Aquatic sediment Deposited sediment Suspended sediment 以上术语为同义词，被译为水体颗粒物、沉积物、悬浮物、底质、悬移质、及泥沙等。 Interchangeable terms Deposited sediment bottom sediment bed sediment bed material bed mud .以上术语为同义词，被译为底部沉积物、底泥、和底质等 Roles of sediment in waters One of major water quality variables controlling other two variables (turbidity and transparency); A major compartment (box) in aquatic systems; Sediment is a carrier and sink for pollutants, subsequently, a potential pollution source in aquatic environment. Sediment contains substantially higher conc. (4-5 orders of magnitude) of heavy metals than are found in solution (Example 1) Note: w – water (in mg/l); s – sediment (in m