06第六章氮同位素.pptVIP

it is cold on Titan : the surface temperature is a bit below 100 K, but the atmosphere is notably warmer, around 160 K, but still pretty darn cold. The y axis in this diagram is “parts per thousand 15N”. The bottom line is that isotope ratios such as these are important clues into the chemical and physical processes that have evolved over time across the Universe. * 大气中80%是氮，在垂向上其同位素组成均匀，故作标准。 测试技术与质谱分析 * 我们主要的氮来源是大气，然而N2具有很强的化学惰性，只有很少的有机体能够利用它。自然界中通过氮固定将大气N2转化为较容易被生物所吸收利用的氨形式的氮。氮固定通常情况下由光固定方式来实现，也可通过细菌来实现。 In most ecosystems nitrogen is primarily stored in living and dead organic matter. This organic nitrogen is converted into inorganic forms when it re-enters the biogeochemical cycle via decomposition. Decomposers, found in the upper soil layer, chemically modify the nitrogen found in organic matter from ammonia (NH3 ) to ammonium salts (NH4+ ). This process is known as mineralization （矿化作用）and it is carried out by a variety of bacteria, actinomycetes放线菌 and fungi真菌. Nitrogen in the form of ammonium can be absorbed onto the surfaces of clay particles in the soil. Ammonium is released from the colloids by way of cation exchange. When released, most of the ammonium is often chemically altered by a specific type of autotrophic bacteria into nitrite (NO2- ). Further modification by another type of bacteria converts the nitrite to nitrate (NO3- ). Both of these processes involve chemical oxidation and are known as nitrification. nitrate is very soluble and it is easily lost from the soil system by leaching. Some of this leached nitrate flows through the hydrologic system until it reaches the oceans where it can be returned to the atmosphere by denitrification. Denitrification is also common in anaerobic soils and is carried out by heterotrophic bacteria. The process of denitrification involves the metabolic reduction of nitrate (NO3- ) into nitrogen (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O) gas. Both of these gases then diffuse into the atmosphere。 6. The activities of humans ha