他是解析数论AnalyticNumberTheory-HKU.PPT

A Square (正方形) A Draw is Possible (和局是可能的)!! A Pentagon (五角形 ) A Draw is Possible (和局是可能的)! M. Gardner, Mathematical Games, Scientific American, February (1973), pp. 108-112 E. Mead, A Rose, C, Huang, The Game of SIM: A Winning Strategy for the Second Player, Mathematical Report No. 58, 1973, McMaster University. L.E.Shader, Another Strategy for SIM, Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 51. No. 1, pp. 60-62, 1978. G. J. Simmons, The Game of SIM, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 1969. Some Mathematical Games are Available at http://hkumath.hku.hk/~wkc/MathModel/index.php References Pigeonhole ? Logic ? Game (鴿巢 ? 邏輯 ? 遊戲)Elegantia College 02 Feb 2013 Wai-Ki CHING Department of Mathematics The University of Hong Kong Pigeonhole Principle (鴿巢原理) If 7 pigeons are to live in 6 boxes (holes), then there is at least one box containing two or more pigeons (如果7隻鴿子住在6個籠裡，至少有一個籠包含兩隻或更多的鴿子). Dirichlet (狄里克利) The first statement of the Pigeonhole Principle is believed to have been made by the German Mathematician(德國數學家) Dirichlet (狄里克利) in 1834 under the name Schubfachprinzip (drawer principle). Dirichlet (狄里克利) Dirichlet（1805～1859）德國數學家，生於現德國 Duren（當時屬法國）。他是解析數論 (Analytic Number Theory)的奠基者，也是現代函數 (Functions) 觀念的定義者。 Dirichlet 人緣不錯，勤奮寡言，不修邊幅又健忘，卻是一個觀念清晰的好老師 。(He is a nice and hard working teacher) Continue Dirichlet 於1825年證明(prove)費瑪最後定理(Fermat’s Last Theorem) (when) n=5 情況而得盛名 ， 後因心臟病發(heart attack)於瑞士，最後病逝於哥廷根。 費瑪最後定理: Xn + Yn =Zn , n=3,4,5,…, n=2: 32 + 42 =52 . Taken from: .tw/people/p_dirichlet/ Pigeonhole Principle (鴿巢原理) If we put n+1 balls into n boxes, then at least one box must contain two or more balls. 將 n+1 個球放入 n 個盒子內, 最小有一個盒子藏有2個或以上的球。 Proof by Contradiction (反證法) We want to prove that ‘at least one box must contain two or more balls’ by ‘Proof by Contradiction’. Assume that the statement is wrong (假設上面的事情是錯誤) then all the n boxes contains 1 or 0 ball. Therefore the total number of balls is less than or equal to n. This is a contradiction (矛盾). The cont