hughes8-ppt-ch08-年龄和性别社会分层.pptVIP

reserved. chapter 8 Gender Inequality Definition of Terms Sex – whether one is genetically male or female; determines role in reproduction Gender – sociological distinction between males and females Gender identity – one’s self-concept of being male or female Gender roles – sets of cultural expectations about the behavior each sex should exhibit Gender Stratification Sexism Individual level – the belief that one sex is superior to the other Inherent biological differences mean that men and women naturally have different roles These roles are the primary cause of differential distribution of power, status, and income Institutional level – policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women Gender Stratification Are women a minority group? From Chapter 7: Gender Stratification Patriarchy A system of social organization in which men have a disproportionate share of power Lorber: early societies were egalitarian Davis-Kimball: archaeological evidence of female military and social power Gender Stratification World Gender Inequality U.S. State Department Annual Human Rights Report (2006) – 196 nations Sex trade and forced labor (e.g., Ghana) M. East and N. Africa – honor killings Underage prostitution Sex-selective breeding Female circumcision Literacy and education Gender Stratification Gender Stratification U.S. Gender Inequality Today, marriage and family have become less of an organizing force in the lives of contemporary women Families today likely to delay childbearing U.S. women’s labor-force participation: 59.2% (2004) More than 60% of women with children under the age of one are employed Gender Stratification Gender Stratification Gender Stratification Gender Stratification Gender Stratification U.S. Gender Inequality The Glass Ceiling Number of women top executives and board directors increased over the years, but positions at the top still elude women executives Disparities in Pay Women earn less than men Gender Stratification