数学专业英语(吴炯圻-第2版)2-6方案策划.ppt

New Words Expressions: alphabet 字母表 prime 素数，质数 displacement 位移 proportional 成比例的 domain 定义域 the real-valued function实值函数 edge 棱，边 spring constant 弹性系数 graph 图，图形 limit 极限 stretch 拉伸 volume 体积，容积，卷 ;New Words Expressions(二)P59: measurable 可测的 mapping 映射 ;Various fields of human have to do with relationships that exist between one collection of objects and another. ;These are merely devices for describing special relations in a quantitative fashion. Mathematicians refer to certain types of these relations as functions. ;EXAMPLE 1. The force F necessary to stretch a steel spring a distance x beyond its natural length is proportional to x. That is, F=cx, where c is a number independent of x called the spring constant.;EXAMPLE 2. The volume of a cube is a function of its edge-length. If the edges have length x, the volume V is given by the formula V=x3.;EXAMPLE 3. A prime is any integer n1 that cannot be expressed in the form n=ab, where a and b are positive integers, both less than n. The first few primes are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19. ;For a given real number x0, it is possible to count the number of primes less than or equal to x. This number is said to be a function of x even though no simple algebraic formula is known for computing it (without counting) when x is known.;Today, the meaning of function is essentially this: Given two sets, say X and Y, a function is a correspondence which associates with each element of X one and one only element of Y. ;The set X is called the domain of the function. Those elements of Y associated with the elements in X form a set called the range of the function. (This may be all of Y, but it need not be);Letters of the English and Greek alphabets are often used to denote functions. The particular letters f,g,h,F,G,H, and are frequently used for this purpose.;If f is a given function