人工智能Nilson版-英文课件-Chap15-谓词演算.pptVIP

(c) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab The Predicate Calculus Chapter 15 Outline Motivation The Language and Its Syntax Semantics Quantification Semantics of Quantifiers Predicate Calculus as a Language for Representing Knowledge 15.1 Motivation Propositional calculus Expressional limitation Atoms have no internal structures. First-order predicate calculus has names for objects as well as propositions. Symbols Object constants Relation constants Function constants Other constructs Refer to objects in the world Refer to propositions about the world The Language and its Syntax Components Infinite set of object constants Aa, 125, 23B, Q, John, EiffelTower Infinite set of function constants fatherOf1, distanceBetween2, times2 Infinite set of relation constants B173, Parent2, Large1, Clear1, X114 Propositional connectives Delimiters (, ), [, ] ,(separator) The Language and its Syntax Terms Object constant is a term Functional expression fatherOf(John, Bill), times(4, plus(3, 6)), Sam wffs Atoms Relation constant of arity n followed by n terms is an atom (atomic formula) An atom is a wff. Greaterthan(7,2), P(A, B, C, D), Q Propositional wff 15.3 Semantics Worlds Individuals Objects Concrete examples: Block A, Mt. Whitney, Julius Caesar, … Abstract entities: 7, set of all integers, … Fictional/invented entities: beauty, Santa Claus, a unicorn, honesty, … Functions on individuals Map n tuples of individuals into individuals Relations over individuals Property: relation of arity 1 (heavy, big, blue, …) Specification of n-ary relation: list all the n tuples of individuals 15.3 Semantics Interpretations Assignment: maps the followings object constants into objects in the world n-ary constants into n-ary functions n-ary relation constants into n-ary relations called denotations of corresponding predicate-calculus expressions Domain Set of objects to which object constant assignments are made True/False values 15.3 Semantics Models and Related Notions An interpretation sa