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Chapter 1: Introduction – Historical Developments in the study of the Mind Learning theory can trace its roots to the philosophy of Rene Descartes (1596-1650). Cartesian Dualism ?Two classes of human behavior Involuntary (Body) Voluntary (Mind) More Historical developments Nativism vs. Empiricism Does this argument sound familiar? Nature/Nurture argument Human behaviors as a result of Nature? Human behaviors as result of Nurture? Are these concepts every truly separate? Always an interaction of nature and nurture More Historical antecedents Descartes believed that the mind did not function in an orderly and predictable manner. To maintain Free will? The Empiricists disagreed. Hobbes – the principle of hedonism People do things in the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. Empiricists concept of association Believed all contents of the mind were learned attempted to explain how knowledge was derived through the association of sensory stimuli. Led to the Four Tenets of Association Theory Four Tenets of Association Theory 1) Temporal Contiguity We are better able to associate stimuli that occur close together in time. 2) Intensity More intense stimuli are more easily associated. 3) Frequency The more often we are presented with stimuli increases their ability to be learned. 4) Similarity Some things seem to belong together  The Dawn of the Modern Era The Darwinian Revolution Comparative Cognition and the Evolution of Intelligence First let’s discuss the theory of evolution Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Origin of Species (1859) There is diversity in living things even within a species We dont all look alike We dont all behave alike Those traits can be passed on from parent to offspring Darwin didnt know how. Mendel did = Genes There is a struggle to survive Many organism mass produce offspring and few make it. There is fairly high infant mortality for humans as well in some places Theory of Evolution Organisms t