Aqueous Solutions：水溶液.ppt

Aqueous Solutions Water is the dissolving medium, or solvent. Some Properties of Water Water is “bent” or V-shaped. The O-H bonds are covalent. Water is a polar molecule. Hydration occurs when salts dissolve in water. A Solute dissolves in water (or other “solvent”) changes phase (if different from the solvent) is present in lesser amount (if the same phase as the solvent) A Solvent retains its phase (if different from the solute) is present in greater amount (if the same phase as the solute) Electrolytes Strong - conduct current efficiently NaCl, HNO3 Weak - conduct only a small current vinegar, tap water Non - no current flows pure water, sugar solution Acids Strong acids - dissociate completely to produce H+ in solution hydrochloric and sulfuric acid Weak acids - dissociate to a slight extent to give H+ in solution acetic and formic acid Bases Strong bases - react completely with water to give OH? ions. sodium hydroxide Weak bases - react only slightly with water to give OH? ions. ammonia Strong Bases Molarity Molarity (M) = moles of solute per volume of solution in liters: Common Terms of Solution Concentration Stock - routinely used solutions prepared in concentrated form. Concentrated - relatively large ratio of solute to solvent. (5.0 M NaCl) Dilute - relatively small ratio of solute to solvent. (0.01 M NaCl) Types of Solution Reactions Precipitation reactions AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ? AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) Acid-base reactions NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ? NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Oxidation-reduction reactions Fe2O3(s) + Al(s) ? Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) Describing Reactions in Solution 1. Molecular equation (reactants and products as compounds) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ? AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) 2. Complete ionic equation (all strong electrolytes shown as ions) Ag+(aq) + NO3?(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl?(aq) ? AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3?(aq) Describing Reactions in Solution (continued) 3. Net ionic equation (show only components that actually react) Ag+(aq) + Cl?(aq) ? AgCl(s) Na+ and N