Developing Fuels - The University of York发展燃料-约克大学.pptVIP

Assignment 11 2CO + O2 2CO2 C7H17 + 11O2 7CO2 + 8H2O 2NO + 2CO N2 + 2CO2 CO and CxHy require an oxidation catalyst but this won’t remove NO as this needs to be reduced This is less of an issue in a lean burn engine as they produce little NO This can be addressed using a three way catalyst system Getting the best from the catalyst The catalyst works best when hot… Pt catalyst starts working at 240oC However using a Pt/Rh alloy brings this down to 150oC It also is best if there is a large surface area It is finely powdered and adsorbed onto a ceramic support This ceramic support then has a honeycomb structure The surface area of catalyst available will be as much as three football fields The surface of the catalyst must be ‘clean’ Anything else binding to the catalyst will prevent the pollutant gases from binding These things are called catalyst poisons Lead will poison the catalyst and so only lead-free fuels can be used Assignment 12 DF8 Using Diesel Fuel No clear cut advantage to diesel or petrol Diesel engines use a diesel oxidation catalyst This uses O2 to convert CO into CO2 and CxHy into CO2 and H2O However, this prevents NOx from being reduced to N2 Catalytic converters are also unable to remove carbon particulates Assignment 13 DF9 Other Fuels Alternatively we could change the fuel used by cars Aromatic hydrocarbons make up about 40% of petrol. These increase CO ,CxHy and NOx emissions and some are carcinogens Short hydrocarbons such as butane increase evaporative emissions and so photochemical smogs Both are becoming increasingly strictly controlled but both are essential for high octane fuels This is why petrol companies have looked at oxygenates Other hydrocarbon fuels LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is a mixture of propane and butane It is kept under pressure to keep the fuel liquid LNG (liquefied natural gas) is mainly methane It must be cooled (below -160oC) and is therefore most suitable for larger vehicles Both have a high octane numb