Export Processing Zones [EPZ’s] – Are they Useful出口加工区出口加工区的–[ ]他们是有用的.pptVIP

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2018-04-16 发布于江西
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Export Processing Zones [EPZ’s] – Are they Useful出口加工区出口加工区的–[ ]他们是有用的.ppt

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Export Processing Zones [EPZ’s] – Are they Useful出口加工区出口加工区的–[ ]他们是有用的.ppt

Export Processing Zones [EPZ’s] – Are they Useful? By Andrew Singer, May 2006. The Basic Concept Aimed at boosting export earnings, jobs FDI. Originally, essential benefit was access to imported inputs at world [duty-free] prices. Firms could operate as if in a free port like Hong Kong. Allowed exporters to look beyond poor or limited local inputs. Could utilize low labor costs for assembly operations, based on superior imported inputs. Now, EPZ’s offer three more benefits to investors: less red tape; tax concessions; better “industrial park” conditions [communications, power, water et al.], The Idea has taken off In 1970, only a handful of countries with EPZ’s. By 1996, 73 countries, and over 500 zones. By 2002, 116 countries, and over 3000 zones. 43 million employed. Many variants – single-industry zones; single-factory zones, “special economic zones” and more. Early zones were publicly-owned and run. Now, more and more are privately-run. A Second-best Solution In a liberal, low-protection environment, EPZ’s make no sense. Typically used as second-best solution to anti-export bias – primarily in the area of access to imported inputs. Also, aimed at by-passing Customs delays uncertainties at ports – using container sealing. Sometimes, mixed objectives – eg. regional industrial development; or promoting FDI. Some Issues to Consider – Fenced or Unfenced? Traditionally, Customs controls on movements were physical. Fenced EPZ’s are treated as enclaves “outside the DTA.” Customs sits at the gate. Containers are sealed at the port for transit to the EPZ. Fenced EPZ’s attractive to governments as instruments of industrial promotion. Very visible. Modern Customs practice favors “paper-based controls.” Audit each firm’s own systems. Rely on paper returns, plus intelligence random spot checks. Unfenced - more Flexible Mauritius showed how well unfenced could work. Zone exports were 3% of total exports in 1971, but jumped to 67% by 1995. Much more flexible.