Representation, Reapportionment Redistricting表示，分配和重新划分选区.pptVIP

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2018-04-16 发布于江西
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Representation, Reapportionment Redistricting表示，分配和重新划分选区.ppt

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Representation,Reapportionmentamp;Redistricting表示，分配和重新划分选区.ppt

Congressional Elections Constitution Senators 6 years Selected by state legislatures 17th Amendment, 1913: Direct election Members of House of Representatives 2 years Directly elected by people Rules governing election to Congress The Constitution Constitution: election to the House of Representatives Election every 2 years Must be 25 years old Citizenship for 7 years Live in the state Selected same way as largest house of state legislature (popular vote) Apportioned among states based on population Constitution: election to the Senate Election every 6 years Three Classes Must be at least 30 years old Citizen for 9 years Live in the state Selected by state legislatures 2 per state Rules governing election to Congress The Constitution Single-member, winner-take all districts Reapportionment and redistricting Reapportionment When the federal government reallocates seats among the states after the decennial census Gains and losses due to 2000 reapportionment Gains CA (+1) AZ (+2) CO (+1) FL (+2) GA (+2) NV (+1) TX (+2) Losses CT (-1) NY (-2) IL (-1) IN (-1) MI (-1) OH (-1) OK (-1) PA (-2) WI (-1) Redistricting When states redraw congressional district boundaries after decennial census Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) Each district must have equal population What criteria should states use in deciding where to draw district lines? Conflicting Values Contiguity of boundaries (requirement) Equal population (requirement) Compactness Keeping together communities of interest Protecting interests of racial minorities Meeting requirements of Voting Rights Act Partisan gerrymandering Incumbent protection Maximizing competition Rules governing election to Congress The Constitution Single-member, winner-take all districts Reapportionment and redistricting Primary election laws Open vs. Closed FECA Federal Election Campaign Act(as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002) Contribution limit (individuals) = $2000 Total cycle contribution limit = $95,000 C