AnalogDigital Conversion：模拟数字转换.pptVIP

Week 11 ISU, CprE 211, S03 ADC and DAC Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC) Why do we need ADC and DAC? Analog sensors: Temperature, pressure, light, humidity, compass, and so on Audio applications: Microphone and speakers Image and video applications: Digital cameras, camcorder ADC and DAC Analog sensor: Convert a physical signal into an analog electrical signal ADC and DAC Notes on typical ADCs in microcontroller Also works as DAC Located inside microcontrollers, with a dozen of ADC pins going outside to support multiple channels Mostly 10-bit resolution (the higher the better, e.g. 14-bit in high-end digital cameras) Supports continuous mode and one-shot mode conversion Sampling rate in continuous mode ranges from tens of KHz to hundreds of KHz (the faster the better) Analog-to-Digital Conversion Terminology analog: continuously valued signal, such as temperature or speed, with infinite possible values in between digital: discretely valued signal, such as integers, encoded in binary analog-to-digital converter: ADC, A/D, A2D; converts an analog signal to a digital signal digital-to-analog converter: DAC, D/A, D2A An embedded system’s surroundings typically involve many analog signals. Analog-to-digital converters Proportional Signals Simple Equation Assume minimum voltage of 0 V. Vmax = maximum voltage of the analog signal a = analog value n = number of bits for digital encoding 2n = number of digital codes M = number of steps, either 2n or 2n – 1 d = digital encoding a / Vmax = d / M Resolution Let n = 2 M = 2n – 1 3 steps on the digital scale d0 = 0 = 0b00 dVmax = 3 = 0b11 M = 2n 4 steps on the digital scale d0 = 0 = 0b00 dVmax - r = 3 = 0b11 (no dVmax ) r, resolution: smallest analog change resulting from changing one bit DAC vs. ADC DAC: n digital inputs for digital encoding d analog input for Vmax analog output a ADC: Given a Vmax analog input and an analog input a, how does the converter know what bin