【英语考试 GMAT】AWA模板.docVIP

Argument 时序性因果攻击Firstly, the author is engaged in ‘after this, therefore, because of this’ reasoning. The line of reasoning is that because A happened before B, the former caused the latter. However, this reasoning is fallacious unless other possible causal factors have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C. As a result, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of B must be based on a more thorough investigation to gather data in order to narrow down and locate the actual cause of B. 同时性因果攻击Secondly, the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is the cause of B just because A coincided with B. However, a mere positional correlation does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. In addition, all other prospective causes of B, such as C and D, must be ruled out. Without detailed analysis of the real source of B, it would be groundless to attribute B to A. 错误类比攻击Additionally, it is highly doubtful that strategies drawn from A are applicable to B. However, differences between these two clearly outweigh the similarities, therefore making the analogy much less valid. For example, C and D all affect A but virtually absent in B. Accordingly, we can see that A and B are so dissimilar that B is unlikely to experience the same consequence if it adopts A’s strategies. 非此即彼攻击Last but not least, the author unfairly assumes that a reader must make a either-or choice. However, the argument fails to rule out possibility that adjusting A and B might produce better results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that A and B are the only causes of the problem, thus the most effective solution might include a complex of other factors—such as C and D. In any event, the author provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice imposed on the reader. 必要性攻击In the first place, the author unfairly assumes that B was determined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determining B, it is hardly the only or even necessarily