Overview of Emergency Management in the U.S.Public Administration and Emergency Management[应急管理中的美国城市公有管理和应急管理概述](PPT-71).pptVIP

“All-hazards” emergency management Recovery: Recovery activities continue beyond the emergency period immediately following a disaster. Their purpose is to return all systems, informal and formal, to as near their normal state as possible. They can be broken down into short-term and long-term activities. Short-term activities attempt to return vital human systems to minimum operating standards and usually encompass approximately a two-week period. For example: Crisis counseling to help victims of catastrophic loss Temporary shelter Emergency power generators Long-term activities stabilize all systems and can last as long as years after a disaster ends. For example: Redevelopment loans Legal assistance Community planning Radiation exposure control Public works rehabilitation—repair of infrastructure * Discussion Questions Why might it be more effective to have an “all hazards” focus rather than to have separate programs to address each kind of known hazard in a community or state? What are the advantages of having “generic” emergency management functions when dealing with communities and agencies all across the U.S.? How might natural disaster-oriented programs be used in the event of a nuclear accident or attack? * Obstacles to effective emergency management The development of an effective complex of emergency management policies and programs to prepare for specific types of natural and man-made disasters, mitigate their effects, respond to their occurrence, and recover from their destruction requires the commitment of considerable political and economic resources. Emergency management programs generally do not compete well with other programs for scarce fiscal resources and for official and public attention. * Obstacles to effective emergency management Effective emergency management programs are also very difficult to design, implement, and coordinate. The reasons for those difficulties are numerous: Emergency management is generally a low-salience political