应用语言学第八章课件.ppt

* Chapter Eight Hedging in Discourse 模糊限制语 —— 赵雯静 易兰 高培 模糊现象客观地、广泛地存在于人类生活的方方面面。因此，在人类语言中，同样存在着许多词语，它们所表达的概念是没有明确外延的概念，即所谓的“模糊概念”。模糊限制语“hedge”这一概念由美国著名生成语义学者拉科夫（G. Lakoff）于1972年首次提出，用来指“有意把事情弄得模模糊糊的词语”。 模糊限制语向人们揭示了客观事物类 别大多没有精确的界限这一事实，极大地 推动了模糊语言学的快速发展。此后，模 糊理论在许多领域都得到应用，社会语言 学家、语用学家以及话语篇章分析学家也 纷纷对模糊限制语做了相关研究，自此， 模糊限制语得到了极大地发展。它的使用 使人们的语气趋于缓和，使话语稳妥、周 全、礼貌客气，可以有效地调节和维系说 话者与听者之间的关系，更好地体现礼貌 原则，使人们的交流得以顺利进行。 Compare the following sentences: a. His feet were blue. here it means “The speaker knows that his feet were blue” b. His feet were sort of blue. It conveys a different proposition: His feet were sort of blue or his feet were non-prototypically blue, but “The speaker knows” can still be added to it. c. I think his feet were blue. “I think” does not affect the propositional content, but the truth value of the proposition is unstable. His feet were blue may be true, may be false, because to this proposition the speaker’s inference has been added. I think his feet were blue may mean In my opinion, his feet were blue. We see the two types of hedges mentioned above. Sort of is the type of hedge that affects the propositional content but not the speaker commitment. We call such hedges Approximators, while I think and others (such as I guess, according to sb’s opinion, etc.) are Shields. Summary of hedge types HEDGE APPROXIMATOR SHIELD （变动性模糊限制语） （缓和性模糊限制语） ADAPTOR ROUNDER PLAUSIBILITY ATTRIBUTION （程序变动语（范围变动语） （直接缓和语） （间接缓和语） 模糊限制语可分为两类。一类模糊限制语对话语结构的内容进行某种程度的修正或给出一个大体的变动范围，或是对话语本身进行模糊限制，即称为变动型模糊限制语(Approximators)；而另一类不对话语的内容进行限制，而是表明话语的内容与说话人之间的关系即对说话者本人进行模糊制，称之为关系型模糊限制语(Shields)。 Approximators（变动型模糊限制语） 变动型模糊限制语是指那些可以改变话语的词语。在言语交际中，说话人根据实际情况使用这类限制语，改变原来话语意思，达到交际目的。变动型模糊限制语又可分为两类：程度变动语（adaptors）和范围变动语（rounders）。 (1) a. A robin is a bird. (True) b. A chicken is a bird. (True?) c. A bat is a bird. (False) d