微生物与寄生虫精品教学（南京大学）病原生物复习 2015 Nov 28.pptxVIP

201420152014年国庆前后的big news，正好我代课，病毒学总论，以这个文章开头解释病毒感染的机制最近的消息？不一定考试。但是，作为南大学生，不但要转发微博，还要看看科学SummaryBackgroundUntil now, polymyxin resistance has involved chromosomal mutations but has never been reported via horizontal gene transfer. During a routine surveillance project on antimicrobial resistance in commensal?Escherichia coli?from food animals in China, a major increase of colistin resistance was observed. When an?E coli?strain, SHP45, possessing colistin resistance that could be transferred to another strain, was isolated from a pig, we conducted further analysis of possible plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance. Herein, we report the emergence of the first plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance mechanism, MCR-1, in Enterobacteriaceae.MethodsThe?mcr-1?gene in?E coli?strain SHP45 was identified by whole plasmid sequencing and subcloning. MCR-1 mechanistic studies were done with sequence comparisons, homology modelling, and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The prevalence of?mcr-1?was investigated in?E coli?andKlebsiella pneumoniae?strains collected from five provinces between April, 2011, and November, 2014. The ability of MCR-1 to confer polymyxin resistance in vivo was examined in a murine thigh model.FindingsPolymyxin resistance was shown to be singularly due to the plasmid-mediated?mcr-1?gene. The plasmid carrying?mcr-1?was mobilised to an?E coli?recipient at a frequency of 10?1?to 10?3?cells per recipient cell by conjugation, and maintained in?K pneumoniae?and?Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In an in-vivo model, production of MCR-1 negated the efficacy of colistin. MCR-1 is a member of the phosphoethanolamine transferase enzyme family, with expression in?E coli?resulting in the addition of phosphoethanolamine to lipid A. We observed?mcr-1?carriage in?E coli?isolates collected from 78 (15%) of 523 samples of raw meat and 166 (21%) of 804 animals during 2011–14, and 16 (1%) of 1322 samples from inpatients with infection.InterpretationThe emergence of MCR-1 heral