大学英语词汇学Chapter1EnglishLexicologyIntroduction演示文稿.pptVIP

原始印欧语 原始印欧语是后世语言学家根据现时印欧语系诸语的特色，透过比较语言学的方法而倒推出来的假想语言。这种假想语言被认为是现时印欧语系诸语的共同祖先。虽然原始印欧语没有得到直接证实，但其所有的发音和词汇都通过比较法重构了出来。 The most widely spoken Germanic languages are English and German, with approximately 309–400 million and over 100 million native speakers respectively. Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary Objectives: Introduce a definition of a word; Put forward the three main principles of lexical classification; Elaborate on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary. Teaching focus: Definition of a word Definition of vocabulary Classification of words Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary Content words and functional words Native words and borrowed words 1.1 What Is a Word a minimal free form of a language a sound unit a unit of meaning a form that can function alone in a sentence “A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。 1.2 Sound and Meaning There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing. 1.3 Sound and Form similar in its earliest stage (i.e. Old English) Differences occur with the development of the language -the English alphabet -the pronunciation -the early scribes -the borrowing In Spite of the differences, 80% of English words fit consistent spelling patterns. 1.4 Vocabulary The total number of the words in a language. All the words used in a particular historical period. all the words in a book, or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialect, or in a particular discipline, or even to all the words that a person possesses. 1.5 Classification of Words by use frequency: the basic word stoc