心脏之后的 血管生理.pptVIP

Baroreceptor neurons function as sensors in the homeostatic maintenance of MAP by constantly monitoring pressure in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. Characteristics of baroreceptors: Sensitive to stretching of the vessel walls Proportional firing rate to increased stretching Responding to pressures ranging from 60-180 mmHg Receptors within the aortic arch are less sensitive than the carotid sinus receptors The action potential frequency in baroreceptor neurons is represented here as being directly proportional to MAP. Baroreceptor neurons deliver MAP information to the medulla oblongata’s cardiovascular control center (CVCC); the CVCC determines autonomic output to the heart. i.e., MAP is above homeostatic set point i.e., reduce cardiac output Reflex pathway Typical carotid sinus reflex Maintaining relatively constant arterial pressure, reducing the variation in arterial pressure Physiological Significance Humoral Regulation Vasoconstrictor agents Vasodilator agents Renin-angiotensin system Juxtaglomerular cell Renin Constricts resistance vessels Acts upon the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Stimulates the release of vasopressin Facilitates norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve endings Stimulates thirst centers within the brain Physiological effects of angiotensin II Epinephrine Norepinephrine Sources Epinephrine---- adrenal medulla Norepinephrine---- adrenal medulla sympathetic nerves Catecholamines Norepinephrine Epinephrine Effects Epinephrine Norepinephrine Receptor a-adrenoceptor ++ +++ b-adrenoceptor ++ + Heart heart rate + + (in vitro) － (in vivo) cardiac output +++ ± Vessels constriction (skin, visceral) + +++ relaxation (SM, liver) － +++ total peripheral resistance ± +++ Blood pressure systolic +++ +++ diastolic ±