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Creative accounting some ethical issues of macro- and micro精品
Creative accounting: some ethical issues of macro- and micro-
manipulation
Catherine Gowthorpe
Oxford Brookes University
Oriol Amat
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Key words: Accounting ethics, accounting regulation, creative accounting, earnings
management, fin ancial reporting, macro-manipulation, micro-manipulation.
Journal of Economic Literature classification: M41.
1
Creative accounting: some ethical issues of macro- and micro-manipulation
Abstract
This paper examines two principal categories of manipulative behaviour. The term
‘macro-manipulation’ is used to describe the lobbying of regulators to persuade them to
produce regulation that is more favourable to the interests of preparers. ‘Micro-
manipulation’ describes the management of accounting figures to produce a biased view
at the entity level. Both categories of manipulation can be viewed as attempts at creativity
by financial statement preparers.
The paper analyses two cases of manipulation which are considered in an ethical context.
The paper conclude s that the manipulations described in it can be regarded as morally
reprehensible. They are not fair to users, they involve an unjust exercise of power, and
they tend to weaken the authority of accounting regulators.
2
Creative accounting: some ethical issues of macro- and micro-manipulation
Introduction
Financial statements provide information that is used by interested parties to assess the
performance of managers and to make economic decisions. Users may assume that the
financial information they receive is reliable and fit for its
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