Conversation Analysis and Institutional Talk--Analyzing Distinctive Turn-Taking Systems精品.pdf

Conversation Analysis and Institutional Talk: Analyzing Distinctive Turn-Taking Systems John Heritage, UCLA In: S.Cmejrková, J.Hoffmannová, O.Müllerová and J.Svetlá (1998) (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Congresss of IADA (International Association for Dialog Analysis), Tubingen: Niemeyer, pp.3-17. 2 Introduction In the thirty years since its inception, conversation analysis has emerged as a major, and distinctively sociological, contribution to the analysis of discourse. During this time, discourse analysis has acquired considerable prominence as a field of inquiry. Correspondingly, conversation analysis has grown and diversified in many different directions. The sociological origins of conversation analysis are to be found in the work of two great American originators: Erving Goffman and Harold Garfinkel. With Goffman (1955; 1983), conversation analysts begin with the notion that conversational interaction represents an institutional order sui generis in which interactional rights and obligations are linked not only to personal face and identity, but also to macro-social institutions. With Garfinkel (1967), conversation analysts recognize that analyzing the institution of conversation in terms of rules and practices that impose moral obligations, in the way that Goffman stressed, needs to be supplemented by recognizing the importance of intersubjectivity. In particular, this means focusing on how interactional rules and practices are ceaselessly drawn upon by the participants in constructing shared and specific understandings of 'wher