医学科研的统计设计以及数据处理.pptxVIP

医学科研的统计设计与数据处理医学科学研究的基本程序 完整的医学研究课题设计，必须包括如下内容：拟探索和解决的医学问题以及明确而具体的目标；科学假说及其依据；设计方案和技术路线；必要的信息及条件保障。 从统计学角度来讲，研究设计的基本内容包括：确定设计类型，确定研究总体及样本，拟定观察指标及测量方法，资料的可靠性及质量控制，数据的管理及统计分析计划等。申 报 项 目创 新选题设计（研究方案）有理论与实际意义专业+统计学设计统 计 分 析收集资料，整理、分析数据申 报撰写研究报告、论文专利、成果基本程序统计学在医学科研中的应用专业设计阶段：观察指标，影响因素统计设计阶段：分组因素，控制因素搜集数据阶段：统一采集标准，质量控制数据分析阶段：实验设计资料，观察性资料提出观点、结论和撰写论文阶段：p值的大小， p值的可靠性，统计结论与专业结论A science dealing with the collection,analysis,inter-pretation,and presentation of masses of numerical data------Webster’s International Dictionary The science and art of dealing with variation in data through collection ,classification and analysis in such a way as to obtain reliable results. ------ Last JM (Dictionary of epidemiology)不明于计数而欲举大事，犹无舟楫而欲经于水，险也。举事必成，不知计数不可。-----管仲学者不能离开统计而研学，政治家不能离开统计而施政，事业家不能离开统计而执业。-----马寅初Statistics are the only tools by which an opening may be cut through the formidable thicket of difficulties that bars the path of those who pursue the Science of Man. -----F. Galton To call in the statistician after the experiment is done may be no more than asking him to perform a postmortem examination: he may be able to say what the experiment died of. -----R.A.Fisher“非常痛心地看到，因为数据分析的缺陷和错误，那么多好的生物研究工作面临着被葬送的危险” 。 ----- F. Yates，M.J.R. Healy医学科研的统计设计与数据处理----常用医学统计方法 研究类型常用医学统计方法统计方法的选择统计方法综合运用实例常见错误案例讨论 Table 1. Classification of study designs.Ⅰ. Observational studies A. Descriptive or case-series B. Case-control studies(retrospective) 1. Causes and incidence of disease 2. Identification of risk factors C. Cross-sectional studies,surverys(prevalence) 1. Disease description 2. Diagnosis and staging 3. Disease processes mechanisms D. Cohort studies(prospective) 1. Causes and incidence of disease 2. Natural history,prognosis 3. Identification of risk factors E. Historical cohort studiesⅡ. Experimental studies A. Controlled trials 1. Parallel or concurrent controls a. Randomized b. Not randomized 2. Sequential controls a. Self-controlled b. Crossover 3. External controls(