崑山科技大学应用英语系.PPT

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * danger, hazard, jeopardy, menace, peril, risk, threat forethought. By contrast, peril exclusively points only to grave dangers and may sometimes suggest a worsening situation that can no longer be averted by the use of forethought alone: Many species are already in peril of extinction because of our destruction of their natural habitat. More broadly, the word can suggest the un-predictable danger that must be faced in pursuing a course of action: the great perils that the earliest Arctic explorers confronted. * * danger, hazard, jeopardy, menace, peril, risk, threat Risk is related to this last use of peril, but is more general and can indicate less extreme or imminent danger. At its most specific, it indi-cates the chance of misfortune that accompanies an act undertaken in hope of gain or benefit: a business insured against the risk of failure. Here, the negative possibilities can to some extent be foreseen and weighed against the possibility of success: a calculated risk. * * danger, hazard, jeopardy, menace, peril, risk, threat Hazard can function as a more formal substitute for risk, though it may suggest that greater danger attends the action. In this, it combines the gravity of danger suggested by peril with the weighing or taking of chances sug-gested by risk: the hazards of mountain climbing. The word can also function as a hyperbole for the predictable liabilities in any situation: He braced himself for the hazards of an evening spent with his mother-in-law. It is also commonly used to refer to taking an unwise risk: Stor-ing newspapers in the attic is a fire hazard. * * danger, hazard, jeopardy, menace, peril, risk, threat Jeopardy can substitute for risk at an even greater level of fo