文献综述-血气分析仪.PDF

100 years of blood gas and acid base analysis in clinicalmedicine Oct 2012 J Kofstad May contain information that is not supported by performance and intended use claims of Radiometers products. See also Legal info. The term acidosis was first mentioned in the medical literature in 1898 in connection with the description of diabetic ketoacidosis. Alkalosis was first used in human medicine in 1922 by the English physiologist J. S. Haldane; it had been used in veterinary medicine somewhat earlier. In 1870, the Norwegians C. M. Guldberg and P. Waage formulated the law of mass action, which applies to chemical equilibria, and which the American L. J. Henderson used for carbonic acid/bicarbonate balance in 1907. He expressed the mathematical balance as: cH+ = K(cH2CO3 / cNaHCO3). K is the equilibrium constant. As the concentration of free H+ ions in blood is as low as 40 × 10-9 mol/L, the Dane S. P. Sørensen suggested applying logarithms to such low numbers and even using the negative value so that the number would become positive. This value was called pH. For “normal” blood, the pH value is 7.40 for the concentration 40 × 10-9 mol/L or 40 nanomol/L of free H+ ions. “Why not also a logarithm the low equilibrium constant values?” the Dane K. A. Hasselbalch suggested in 1917. This was done and Henderson’s equation then became: pH = pK + log (cHCO3- / S × pCO2) pK is the negative logarithm for the equilibrium constant described above. S is a transition factor for H2CO3 from mol/L to partial pressure of pCO2. The Dane E. Warburg was the first person to use the term “the Henderson- Hasselbalch equation”. He got his doctorate in 1922 with the work “Carbonic Acid Compounds and Hydrogen Ion Activities in Blood and Salt Solutions”. Up to about 1923, there had been no uniform definition of what an acid or a base was. In that year, the Dane J. N. Brønsted formulated his new acid-base theory, which has dominated the field of acid-base since th