土木工程英语建筑初级水平UnitEngineeringdrawing.docVIP

Unit 3 Engineering Drawings Much time and expense can be saved in fabricating shop，and on the job，if simple，clear and complete drawings are prepared．Drawings should not contain unnecessary lines．marks，symbols，or dimensions．However，they must contain all adequate set of notes and all other essential information，in a form that can be quickly and correctly interpreted． A drawing is more than a graphic delineation of a structure；it is a definite order to workmen to perform certain operations in a specified manner．A drawing should convey definite orders to certain trades．With this thought in mind，the reinforcing bar detailer can materially improve the presentation by observing the following：a)issue orders as commands“bend bar”rather than “this bar is to be bent”：b)emphasize the specific items delineated；c)make all notes brief，clear，and explicit，leaving no chance for misunderstanding；d)make all drawings large enough and letter them clearly enough so that after repeated handling and folding in the field they will still be legible to the user；drawings that will be reduced photographically require broader lines and coarser lettering． Engineering drawings for precast and prestressed concrete bridges are a part of the construction contract documents．The use of prestressed concrete in bridges has become increasingly important．Although many bridges are a combination of cast-in-place concrete and recast-prestressed concrete，in special situations bridges have been completely assembled from precast and prestressed concrete elements. For the cast-in-place concrete portions of the bridge．the designer usually includes placing drawings containing all information required for construction，including bar lists and identification marks for the reinforcing steel．However，the precast．prestressed portions are subject to detailing dependent on shop practice of the fabricator． Usually bridge construction contracts are based on unit prices for materials worked into the structure，s