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Major muscles of thorax Pectoralis Major Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum, upper six costal cartilages. Insertion: lateral lip of the bicipital groove of humerus Action: adducts the arm and rotates it medially; the clavicular fibers also flex the arm; with the arm above the head, raise the body as in climbing Nerve supply: lateral pectoral n. Major muscles of thorax Intercostales externi 肋间外肌 Origin: inferior border of rib above Insertion: superior border of rib below Replaced anteriorly by external intercostals membrane Action: raise ribs adding in forced inspiration Major muscles of thorax Intercostales interni 肋间内肌 Origin: superior border of rib below Insertion: inferior border of rib above Replaced posteriorly by internal intercostals membrane. Action: depress ribs for forced expiration Diaphragm 膈 Shape and position: dome-shaped between thorax and abdomen, consists of a peripheral muscular part and a central tendon Origin Sternal part: arising from xiphoid process Costal part: arising from lower six and costal cartilages Lumbar part: arising by two crura from upper 2-3 lumbar vertebrae Insertion: central tendon Weak areas: Lumbocostal triangle Sternocostal triangle T12 Diaphragm 膈 Openings in the diaphragm Aortic hiatus 主动脉裂孔 lies anterior to the body of the 12th thoracic vertebra between the crura and transmits the aorta, thoracic duct Esophageal hiatus 食管裂孔 lies at level of T10. It transmits esophagus and vagus nerves Vena cava foramen 腔静脉孔 lies at T8 level in the central tendon. It transmits the inferior vena cava. T8 T10 Diaphragm 膈 Action: Contraction: the dome moving downward, increases the volume of thoracic cavity which results in inspiration, at the same time the intra-abdominal pressure is increased assists in defecation, vomiting or child birth. Relaxation: the dome returns to the former position, reduces the volume to the thoracic cavity, resulting in expiration. Muscles of abdomen