欧洲文化入门复习指南1-4章.docVIP

Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture (European culture is made up of many elements.Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element.) I. Greek Culture 1.The Historical Context 1). In a more remote period of Greek history, probably around 1200B.C. , a war was fought between Greece（希腊）and Troy(特洛伊） 2). Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. What marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th century B.C.? 1). The high point of development in Greek culture was marked by (a) the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century B.C., (b) the establishment of democracy and (c) the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens（雅典）. 2). The 5th century B.C. closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta（斯巴达） in Greece. 3). In the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon（马其顿王国）. 4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered the Greece. 2. Social and Political Structure What were the main features of ancient Greek society? 1). Athens was a democracy, where only the adult male citizens had the rights. 2). The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. 3). The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports. 4). Revised in 1896, the Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition. 3. Homer (about 700 B. C.)（荷马） What did Homer do? 1). Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics: the Iliad 《伊利亚特》and the Odyssey《奥德赛》. 2). Homer probably lived around 700 B.C. 3). The Iliad and the Odyssey are not about events of Homer’s own time, but about great men and wars about a remoter age, probably in the period of 1200—1100 B.C. Iliad 1). The Iliad deals with the al