出口退税外文翻译文献3077字.docVIP

外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 字数：中文译文3077字 英文原文 Effects of an Export Tax on Competitiveness: The Case of the Indonesian Palm Oil Industry Mohamad F. Hasan, Michael R. Reed and Mary A. Marchant This research analyzes the dynamic effects of an export tax on export performance of the Indonesian palm oil industry using time series analysis. The vector autoregressive model results show exports fell dramatically with the imposition of the tax. This research showed that the imposition of an export tax has long-lasting, negative effects on competitiveness of the Indonesian palm oil industry. The variance decomposition reveals that more than 83% of the variation in the forecast error of the net export shares is explained by its own shock, and 8.6% and 8.4% are explained by export tax and relative export prices, respectively. 1 Introduction Palm oil has two important characteristics in the Indonesian economy. First, palm oil is an important export commodity that provides export earnings and generates employment opportunities for millions of farm families. Second, palm oil is the primary source for cooking oil, which the government considers “an essential commodity” for Indonesia. The availability of “essential commodities” at affordable prices is key to the Indonesian government’s policy of maintaining economic and political stability. Due to this position, it is not surprising that the palm oil industry is subject to heavy government interventions. The government intervenes through investment policies in palm oil production, especially with respect to the small-holder development program, to expand Indonesian exports of palm oil. 1 Concurrently, the government intervenes in domestic markets to guarantee an adequate supply of palm oil at affordable prices. In this regard, the Indonesian government uses a variety of policy measures, such as a domestic allocation price, export restrictions and an export tax. In June 1991, as a part of its trade liberalization policies, the governmen