10分布式系统的复制与容错.ppt

Parallel and Distributed Systems Instructor: Zhang Weizhe (张伟哲) Computer Network and Information Security Technique Research Center , School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Chapter 14: Replication and Fault Tolerance Fault-tolerant services Replication services Highly available services Summary Fault Tolerance Basic Concepts Being fault tolerant is strongly related to what are called dependable systems Dependability implies the following: Availability Reliability Safety Maintainability Failure Models Different types of failures. Failure Masking by Redundancy Figure 8-2. Triple modular redundancy. Flat Groups versus Hierarchical Groups (a) Communication in a flat group. (b) Communication in a simple hierarchical group. Agreement in Faulty Systems (1) The Byzantine agreement problem for three nonfaulty and one faulty process. (a) Each process sends their value to the others. Agreement in Faulty Systems (2) The Byzantine agreement problem for three nonfaulty and one faulty process. (b) The vectors that each process assembles based on (a). (c) The vectors that each process receives in step 3. Agreement in Faulty Systems (3) now with two correct process and one faulty process. m faulty process only if at least 2m+1 correct process!!!! RPC Semantics in the Presence of Failures Five different classes of failures that can occur in RPC systems: The client is unable to locate the server. The request message from the client to the server is lost. The server crashes after receiving a request. The reply message from the server to the client is lost. The client crashes after sending a request. Basic Reliable-Multicasting Schemes A simple solution to reliable multicasting when all receivers are known and are assumed not to fail. (a) Message transmission. (b) Reporting feedback. Nonhierarchical Feedback Control Several receivers have scheduled a request for retransmission, but the first retransmission request leads to th