Introduction to phonetics汇编.pptVIP

Phonetics Issues to be discussed Speech production and perception Speech organs The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants Vowels Co-articulation and phonetic transcription Sociolinguistic issues: variation Sound systems change over time Speech production and perception Branches of phonetics Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. Speech organs The process of producing a sound Producer of voice The vocal tract The organs of speech Vocal cords Vocal cords closed The International phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Segments and divergences The IPA Standard transcription system Segments and divergences The IPA In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897. One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888. Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary. These principles continue to be followed today. CONSONANTS(PULMONIC)(肺闭塞音) CONSONANTS(NON-PULMONIC)(非肺闭塞音) Other symbols Di