清华经济学原理课件10-1公共物品和共有资源.ppt

* * 总结Summary 共有资源具有竞争性，但无排他性。 Common resources are rival but not excludable. 由于人们使用共有资源无需付费，他们就容易过度地使用之。 Because people are not charged for their use of common resources, they tend to use them excessively. 政府就可能会想办法限制对共有资源的使用。Governments tend to try to limit the use of common resources. * * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * * 5 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 7 * * 11 * * * * 12 * 13 * * * 14 * * * 19 * * * * * * * 第十一章Chapter 11 公共物品与共有资源 Public Goods and Common Resources “生活中最好的东西是免费的…”“The best things in life are free. . .” 经济中的大多数物品都是在市场中得以配置的 Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets… …对于这些物品，价格就是指导买者和卖者决策的信号 …for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers 免费物品向经济学分析提出了特别的挑战 Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis “生活中最好的东西是免费的…”“The best things in life are free. . .” 当一个物品没有被标价，私人市场就不能保证该物品能在合适的数量下进行生产和消费。 When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts. “生活中最好的东西是免费的…”“The best things in life are free. . .” 当物品可以免费获得时，通常用以配置资源的市场力量就难以发挥作用了。When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. “生活中最好的东西是免费的…”“The best things in life are free. . .” 在这种情况下，政府政策就有可能矫正由此导致的市场失灵，提高经济福利。 In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well-being. 物品的不同类型The Different Kinds of Goods 当考虑经济中的不同物品时，可以将它们按两个特征来分组： When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: 该物品是排他的吗？ Is the good excludable? 该物品是竞争的吗？ Is the good rival? * 物品的不同类型The Different Kinds of Goods 排他性 Excludabili