ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES生态系统和社区.pptVIP

ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES OUTLINE Succession（演替） Primary, Secondary（原生，次生） Terrestrial, Aquatic（陆地，水域） Climax Communities – Biomes 生物群系 Aquatic Ecosystems SUCCESSION – 演替 Ecosystems are dynamic. Succession: A series of regular, predictable changes in the structure of a community over time. Occurs because perturbations（干扰） to an area often make the environment less suitable for current organisms and more suitable for others. Primary Succession - Begins with bare mineral surfaces or water. Secondary Succession - Begins with disturbance of an existing ecosystem. Terrestrial Primary Succession Pioneer Community（先驱群落）: Collection of organisms able to colonize bare rock. ??? e.g. Lichens help break down rock and accumulate debris, helping to form a thin soil layer. Soil layer begins to support small life forms. In general, climax communities are more stable and have larger, more diverse populations of species than earlier stages of succession. Successional (seral) stage (演替阶段) - each step in the process. Aquatic Primary Succession Except for oceans, most aquatic systems are considered temporary. All aquatic systems receive inputs of soil particles and organic matter from land. - results in gradual filling of shallow bodies of water. Plants can begin to take root. Secondary Succession Occurs when an existing community is disturbed or destroyed. flood, fire, plow With most disturbances, most of the soil remains, and many nutrients necessary for plant growth may be available for reestablishment of the previous ecosystem. more rapid. Secondary Succession from a beaver bond Question Break How does primary succession differ from secondary succession? Climax Communities – Biomes Terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distributions. Usually defined by undisturbed natural plant communities. Two main non-biological factors determining biomes: Temperature Precipitation Elevation Effects on Climate and Vegetation As altitude increases, average temperature decreases