Nuclear Energy原子能.pptVIP

Nuclear Energy Environmental Science Lecture Outline: Nature and history of nuclear energy Workings of a nuclear reactor Alternative types of reactors Nuclear fuel cycle Nuclear weapons Concerns about nuclear energy Waste disposal Good and Harm Medical uses: X ray, cancer treating, diagnosis诊断 17% electrical energy Demolition拆迁 by nuclear explosions Nuclear bombs Radioactive waste The Nature of Nuclear Energy Radioactive - Nuclei of certain atoms are unstable and spontaneously自发 decompose. Some isotopes同位素 are radioactive. Energy – is needed to hold the protons and neutrons together. Since positively charged particles in the nucleus repel one another. Half-Life - Time it takes for 1/2 of the radioactive material to spontaneously decompose. (rate of decomposition is constant) Nuclear disintegration分解 releases radiation and neutrons. Alpha radiation Beta radiation Gamma radiation Nuclear Fission核裂变 - Occurs when neutrons impact and split the nuclei of certain atoms. Nuclear Chain Reaction核链式反应 - Splitting nuclei release neutrons, which themselves strike more nuclei, in turn releasing even more neutrons. Only certain kinds of atoms are suitable for development of a nuclear chain reaction. The two most common are U 235 and Pu 239. Nuclear History First controlled fission - Germany 1938. 1945 - US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Following WW II, people began exploring other potential uses of nuclear energy. US built world’s first nuclear power plant in 1951. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953: “Nuclear reactors will produce electricity so cheaply that it will not be necessary to meter it … Atoms will provide a safe, clean and dependable source of electricity.” Reality: Nuclear is the most expensive method of producing electricity, and several accidents have caused worldwide concern. Workings of A Nuclear reactor A nuclear reactor is a device that permits a controlled fission chain reaction. It serves the same function