Anhydrous(无水的).ppt

Chapter 7 Pipelines Brief History Played an important role in the transportation industry in the post-World War II era. Early in the twentieth century, the oil companies operated the pipelines as integrated subsidiaries and often used them to control the oil industry by not providing needed transportation service to new producers. Significance of Pipelines Pipelines are limited in the markets they serve and very limited in the commodities they can haul. The only mode with no backhaul,;i.e., they are unidirectional with products that only move in one direction through the line. Significance of Pipelines More than 57.5 percent of the total intercity ton-miles shipped in the US in 1995. They are virtually unknown to the general public but represent a key component in our transportation system. P.195. Pipeline diameters have increased in recent years, and the larger diameters have increased capacity significantly because of the increased volume that can move through the pipeline. Types of Carriers Ownership Although some private carriers exist today, the for-hire carriers dominate the industry as so called common carriers. Oil companies have been the principal owners of pipelines. Number of Carriers Like the railroad industry, the pipeline has a small number of very large carriers that dominate the industry. 20 major integrated oil companies control control about two-thirds of the crude oil pipeline mileage. Number of Carriers Reasons for the limited number of pipeline companies. Start-up costs are high. Like railroads and public utilities, the economies of scale are such that duplication or parallel competing lines would be uneconomic A 12-inch pipeline operating at capacity can transport three times as much oil as an eight-inch pipeline. Oil Carriers P.197. Intercity ton-miles increased to 628 billion in 1997. The reported operating revenue decreased from 1985 to 1992 by almost 4 percent. However, oil pipelines play a major role in our transportation network, because