无线通信Lecture10ECCI.pptVIP

Lecture 10: Error Control Coding I Chapter 8 – Coding and Error Control From: Wireless Communications and Networks by William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2002. Diversity makes use of redundancy in terms of using multiple signals to improve signal quality. Error control coding, as discussed in this lecture and next, uses redundancy by sending extra data bits to detect and correct bit errors. Two types of coding in wireless systems (see beginning of Lecture 7) Source coding – compressing a data source using encoding of information Channel coding – encode information to be able to overcome bit errors Now we focus on channel coding, also called error control coding to overcome the bit errors of a channel. I. Error Detection Three approaches can be used to cope with data transmission errors. 1. Using codes to detect errors. 2. Using codes to correct errors – called Forward Error Correction (FEC). 3. Mechanisms to automatically retransmit (ARQ) corrupted packets. Bit errors and Packet Errors. Given the following definitions: Pb = probability of a single bit error P1 = probability that a frame of F bits arrives with no errors P2 = probability that a frame arrives with one or more errors Example: F = 500 bytes (4000 bits) Pb = 10-6 (a very good performing wireless link) P1 = (1- 10-6)4000 = 0.9960 P2 = 1-(1- 10-6) 4000 = 0.0040 4 out of every 1000 packets have errors At 100 kbps, this means 6 packets per minute are in error. Given 100 kilobyte data files: 200 packets per file Probability that the file is corrupted is 1- (1- P1)200 = 0.551 If we do nothing, then a significant amount of our data will be corrupted It is more likely that a complete file would be transmitted with corruption than without corruption. Error Detection Basic Idea: Add extra bits to a block of data bits. Data block: k bits Error detection: n-k more bits Based on some algorithm for creating the extra bits. Results in a frame (data link layer packets are called “frames”) of n bits Parity