计算机导论教学-ch05[Part2.Computer HW] Computer Organization.pptVIP

The arithmetic logic unit(ALU) performs arithmetic and logic operations. Registers are fast stand-alone storage locations that hold data temporarily. Controlling is achieved through wires that can be on or off. Main memory(主存储器)：存储单元的集合。 Address(地址)：用来区别每一个存储单元的唯一的标识符。 Address space(地址空间)：所有在存储器中可标识的独立地址单元的总数。 Two types of memory : RAM and ROM. RAM(random access memory): 随机存取存储器，主存的主要组成部分。 (1)RAM can be read from and written to by the user. (2)RAM is volatile (易失性). SRAM(static RAM):flip-flop gates (触发器门电路), no need for refreshing. DRAM(dynamic RAM):capacitor (电容).need to be refreshed periodically. ROM:(Read-only memory ，只读存储器) (1)The user is allowed to read but not write to ROM. (2)ROM is nonvolatile. PROM: programmable read-only memory 可编程只读存储器 EPROM: Erasable programmable read-only memory 可擦除可编程只读存储器 EEPROM: Electronically erasable programmable read-only memory电可擦除可编程只读存储器 Input/output subsystem(输入输出子系统)：使计算机与外部世界进行沟通的设备的集合。 Input/Output devices can be divided into two broad categories:nonstorage (非存储设备) and storage devices (存储设备） Nonstorage devices allow the CPU/memory to communicate with the outside world but they can not store information. keyboard(键盘) Monitor( 监视器) Printer(打印机) Storage devices, although classified as I/O devices, can store large amounts of information to be retrieved at a later time. We categorize them as either magnetic or optical. Magnetic Storage Devices Magnetic disk(磁盘) Read/write header(读写磁头） Surface organization(表面结构)：track(磁道)、sector(扇区) performance( 性能) Rotational speed(角速度)：磁盘的旋转速度 Seek time(寻道时间)：读写磁头寻找数据所在的磁道的时间。 Transfer time(传送时间)：将数据从磁盘移到CPU/内存所需要的时间 Optical storage device(光介质存储设备）:使用激光技术来存取数据。 CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW DVD CD-ROM(compact disc read-only memory,只读光盘) Master disc(主盘)：使用高能红外激光在塑料涂层上刻写位模式来制造主盘。（pit:坑 land：纹间表面） Polycarbonate resin (聚碳酸酯数脂)： Aluminum(铝):作为反射层材料。 Reading：CD-ROM依靠来自计算机光驱的低能激光束读信息。 CD-R(compact disc recordable，可刻录光盘） Gold(金)：反射层材料 Creation:刻录机产生的高能激光束在染料（dye）层上烧制深色的点，用来模拟坑，没有被激光照射的区域就是纹间表面(land