航海知识-trackEP.ppt

Part 2 Track estimation and fixing by observation of terrestrial objects Compiled by: 张吉平 2001.2 Chapter 1 Track estimation Track estimation is the process of determining a ship’s approximate PSN and track, based on her last well-determined position, the course measured by compass and the distance run as determined by log, with considering the current, leeway and factors relating to ship’s manoeuver. It is an essential technique in navigation, it is useful in celestial navigation, and satellite navigation, and it is the method by which the ship’s track can be determined time by time. It can be made either by track plotting (chart work) or by track calculating(sailings). Section 1 Chart work Section 1-1 preparation of chart work 1. Basic tools (1) 2B pencils (2) dividers (3) triangles or parallel rulers 2. Basic training (1) To measure the lat. and long. of a position (2) To plot a position with its lat. and long. being known (3) To measure true bearing or true course and distance from one position to another. (4) To lay off a TC or a TB from a position and measure certain distance along it to find a new position. Section 1-2 Some navigational terms 1. the fix or observed position (OP) it is the ships position obtained by the intersection of two or more position lines at the same moment. the position lines can be obtained by the variety of sources such as visual bearings, horizontal sextant angles, radio navigational aids, radar, astronomical observations and so on. Every kind of fix is given a symbol and all these will be discussed in the later chapters. 2. Point of departure It is a well-determined ship’s position from which the track estimation is made. It is always the first fix after the ship has left the limit of the harbour or the pilotage area and the sea speed has been ordered. 3. Dead Reckoning It is the expression used to describe the procedure to obtain ship’s position from the true course steered by ship and her speed through