航海知识-Track Calculating.ppt

The Sailings Compiled by 张吉平 2001.2 Section 4 Track Calculating The track calculating, usually named sailing, is a term used to describe the mathematical methods of solving the various problems involving the course, distance, difference of lat. and long., the sailings to be discussed in this chapter are referred to the rhumb line sailing, the great-circle sailing will be discussed in last term. Section 4-1 Basic sailings 1. Two problems to be solved There exists two kinds of problems relating to the ship travelling along a rhumb line, one is to find her final PSn from the course steered and the distance run, the another is to determine the course to be steered and the distance to be run from the initial position and the final intended to go. 2. Plane sailing 1) Analysis: if the ship travels along the rhumb line from A to B, and the course is C, the distance run is S, the difference of lat. is Dφ, the difference is Dλ, and because the key problem is to find the mathematical relationship among the C, S, Dφ, Dλ. 2) Basic formulae: Suppose: a1 a2 a3 are the points on the rhumb line AB , and they are very close to each other the meridian through point A , the parallel of lat. through point a1 and the rhumb line form a small triangle as Ab1a1 , as it is very small, it may be considered as a plane right-angled triangle. the short length Ab1, Aa1, a1b1, are respectively expressed as dφ, dS, dW ,thus 2) Basic formulae: By integrating from A to B along the rhumb line, the difference of lat. (Dφ) between A and B and the distance made good in the east-west direction in sailing from A to B ( called departure, Dep) can be both found as: And: As these two formulas can be considered to be derived from the plane triangle, so, this method is called plane sailing, the triangle is called plane sailing triangle. And from this method the result of the Dφ can be found, as for Dλ the following methods should be consulted Section 4-2 Middle latitude sailing and Mercator sailing Ba