心理学导论Chapter2LearningI导论.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Learning (I) Classical Conditioning Instinct Salmon Weaver Bird Reflex—a simple innate behavior Fixed action pattern (FAP)—a ~ is an instinctual chain of movements found in all members of a species. It prepare animals to meet major needs in their lives Question: Do Human Have Instincts? Human have reflexes But most psychologist reject the idea that human have instincts —species specific Learning vs. Instinct our learning gives us more flexibility adaptability Learning: The Definitions A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior (potential) due to (past) experience The modification through experience of pre-existing behavior and understanding Keys to Learning Change (potential) Experience excludes temporary change caused by fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs Permanent, enduring Active or passive? Associative Learning Learning that certain events occur together. The events may two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes Classical (Pavlovian, Respondent) Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments UCS?UCR Neutral Stimulus (NS) ?No response NS+UCS ?UCR NS can produce the target R independently, so it is called CS, and the former UCR?CR CS ?CR Elements of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization in the experiment; phobia…… Stimulus Discrimination in the experiment; sounds of parents (an anecdote) Second-order conditioning Lemonade powder + Pavlov ? Salivation 望梅止渴 Succulent ? how to learn a new word efficiently Factors Influence Classical C. The intensity of the UCS (reinforcer) The numbers of parings of the CS and the UCS Timing Needs of the organism appetitive conditioning aversive conditioning ?survival of … Applications of