普通地质学英文课件.ppt

普通地质学英文课件 Lecture_10 Earthquakes Lecture_12 Landslides Lecture_13 Floods Lecture_14 Cumulative Impact in Canada Lecture_15 Water Lecture_16 Water Pollution Lecture_17 Energy Resources Lecture_18 Impacts of Mineral Extraction and Processing Earthquakes What is an earthquake? An event that releases stored energy in the earth’s crust Takes place along a fault plane Can be naturally-occurring or human-induced (e.g. explosives used in mining) Large enough earthquakes manifest themselves on the surface of the earth through shaking and other ground displacement Earthquake Distribution What causes earthquakes? As we know, the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates that interact with each other Any gradual build up of stress due to the movement of plates can eventually be released as energy when the rocks that are stressed finally break Elastic Rebound Theory Describes the sudden release of the accumulation of stress causing movement along a fault New fault or existing fault Requires that rock is somewhat ductile It can bend without breaking Remember stress vs. strain (Lecture 3) The deeper the rock in question, the more ductile it is warmer Rock that is deep enough to undergo plastic deformation will not generate earthquakes Types of Faults(Review from Lecture 3) There are three main categories of faults Normal fault Reverse fault Thrust fault is a type of reverse fault Strike-slip fault Transform fault is a type of strike-slip fault Normal Fault Not very common, despite the name One land mass moves away from another with gravity Forms fault scarps Reverse Fault Occurs where one land mass is pushed upwards against another land mass If the angle of contact is less than 45°, it is called a thrust fault Strike-slip Fault Occurs at transform margins One land mass slides past another one with negligible vertical motion Transform Fault A type of strike-slip fault with abrupt terminations Occurs at spreading centers Magma intrusion forces apart two lithospheric plates, but th