常微分方程课件-第01讲66.pptVIP

* In order to draw the direction field of y’=f(x,y) effectively, we introduce the concept of the isolines(等倾线) Definition(C/P20) In a direction field, a curve, which the slopes are all equal at every point, is called an isoline. Result: An isoline equation of y’=f(x,y) is f(x,y)=k, where k is a parameter. Example: Construct a direction field for the ODE y’=1+xy and use it to sketch some approximate solution curves. Solution Obviously, for a given constant k, its isoline is a hyperbola 1+xy=k. x y 1+xy=0 1+xy=2, i.e., xy=1 * * END * 1. Ordinary Differential Equation and Partial Differential Equation （常微分方程与偏微分方程） Definition 1.1(C/P16, E/P1) A differential equation (simply denoted by DE) is a relationship between an unknown function(未知函数) and its derivatives（导数）or differentials（微分）. 把联系自变量、未知函数及未知函数导数或微分的数学关系式称为微分方程。 * Example 1.1 The following are all differential equations * Remark(附注) (1) The differences among differential equation and algebraic equation(代数方程), function equation(函数方程) , integral equation(积分方程). (2) If the unknown function is a function of a single variable(单变量函数), then the corresponding differential equation is called an ordinary differential equation(常微分方程), simply denoted by ODE(C/P16, E/P7). (3) If the unknown function is a function of two or more variables(多变量函数), then the corresponding differential equation is called a partial differential equation(偏微分方程), simply denoted by PDE. * Question: Try to determine that each DE in Example 1.1 is an ODE or a PDE. Answer: ODE ODE ODE ODE PDE PDE * 2. Order of DE (微分方程的阶) Definition 2.2(C/P16, E/P6) The order of a DE is the order of the highest derivative or differential of the unknown function that appears in the DE. 微分方程中出现的未知函数最高阶导数(或微分)的阶数称为该微分方程的阶。 * Question: Determine the order of the DE in the Example 1.1 1st-order Answer: 1st-order 2ed-order 4th-order 1st-order 2ed-order * degree 5 Remark: (1) How to distinguish the order(阶数) of the DE and the