九十学年度经济学竞试乙组答案.docVIP

九十學年度經濟學競試乙組答案 九十學年度經濟學競試甲組選擇題答案 九十學年度經濟學競試乙組選擇題答案  九十學年度經濟學競試乙組問答題答案 本部分第一題第一小題原擬要求推導該國儲蓄函數，因繕打錯誤故無法求解。 假設某國之消費與投資函數分別如下： 請推導該國儲蓄函數。 請用預擬支出等於所得的條件繪圖求取該國均衡產出。 儲蓄函數為： 預擬支出為： 預擬支出等於所得的條件在圖形上即為預擬支出與45(線交點（如下圖） 2.（1）獨佔性競爭的短期均衡與獨佔者的短期均衡有何不同？ （2）獨佔性競爭的短期均衡與完全競爭者又有何不同？ Answer: 2-1a 獨佔者的短期均衡 The profit-maximizing output is q0, where MR = MC; price is p0, which is above MC at that output. The rules for profit maximization require that MR = MC and p AVC. (AVC is not shown in the graph, but it must be below ATC.) Whether profits at q0 are positive or negative (or zero) depends on the position of the ATC curve. In part (i), where average total cost is ATC1, there are positive profits, as shown by the shaded area. (Or as in part (ii), where average total cost is ATC2, profits are zero. If average total costs were ATC3, the monopolist would suffer the losses shown by the shaded area.) Short-Run Profit Maximization for a Monopolist 2-1b 獨佔性競爭的短期均衡 The short-run position for a monopolistically competitive firm is similar to that of a monopolist. Short-run profit maximization occurs at ES, the output for which MR = MC. Price is pS and quantity is qS. Profits may exist; in this example they are shown by the shaded area. Starting from the short-run position shown in part 2-1b, entry of new firms shifts the firms demand curve to the left and eliminates profits. Profit Maximization for a Firm in Monopolistic Competition 2-2 The Short-Run Profit-Maximizing Output Choice of a Competitive Firm The firm chooses the output for which p = MC above the level of AVC. When p = MC, as at q*, the firm would decrease its profits if it changed its output. At any point to the left of q*, such as q0, price is greater than the marginal cost, and it is worthwhile for the firm to increase output (as indicated by the arrow on the left). At any point to the right of q*, such as q1, price is less than the marginal cost, and it is worthwhile for the firm to reduce output (as indicated by the arrow on